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Undoubtedly the most famous and highly useful artificial material on this Earth is neither plastic nor steel but the concrete. No building can be secure without the usage of this material. It may sound frustrating but concrete today is a $100 billion industry being the second-most-widely-used material on the whole planet only yielding the first position to water. If we compare the amount of concrete used every year with other materials, we'll reveal it is much more than plastic, steel, aluminum and wood taken together!
Anyway, the entire world today holds on Portland cement. Particularly this material forms the basis of grout, stucco, mortar, and of course concrete. The only thing added in the compound of concrete after the Roman Empire was iron and aluminum oxides. Accordingly, concrete does not mean only cement. There is a wide variety of additives that increase the material's strength, resistance toward corrosion (acid), as well as ductility and conductivity. Today we can differentiate the following main types of concrete:
1. Reinforced concrete
2. Pervious concrete
3. Nano concrete
4. Microbial concrete