Nowadays, skin-whitening agents, either in topical, oral, or intravenous preparations, are widely available in markets. glutathione, one of the skin-whitening agents in cosmetic industries
[1], is an antioxidant commonly found in the human body
[2]. reduced glutathione (gsh) yields several systemic effects, including improvements of liver abnormalities and diabetic complications, protection from viral infections, and antitumor activities
[3]. several in vitro experiments demonstrated that glutathione showed antimelanogenic effects; thus,
[1]it is associated with melanin production
[2]. it is known that glutathione may promote pheomelanin synthesis, inhibit intracellular melanogenic enzymes, and demonstrate antioxidative as well as antiaging effects
[3]despite the facts that glutathione is widely available, the efficacy and safety profiles of systemic glutathione have yet to be fully understood. therefore, this systematic review aims to investigate the efficacy of system